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<title>Adult learner</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adult learner</span></span>

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<p>An <b>adult learner</b>—or, more commonly, a <b>mature student</b> or <b>mature-age student</b>—is a person who is older and is involved in forms of learning. Adult learners fall in a specific criterion of being experienced, and do not always have a high school diploma. Many of the adult learners go back to school to finish a degree, or earn a new one.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Malcolm_Knowles" title="Malcolm Knowles">Malcolm Knowles</a>'s work distinguished adult learners as distinct from adolescent and child learners in his principle of <a href="Andragogy" title="Andragogy">andragogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established 5 assumptions about the adult learner. This included self-concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, and motivation to learning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2></div>

<p>In the US, adult learners who are undergraduates fall into the category of <a href="Nontraditional_student" title="Nontraditional student">nontraditional students</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a wide range of cultural, job, and educational backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the UK, a student is normally classified as a mature student if they are an undergraduate student who is at least 25+ years old at the start of their course, or in the Irish case on the first of January of the year of entry, and usually having been away from school for at least two years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The normal entry requirements for school-leavers wishing to start an undergraduate degree are often not applied to mature students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_higher_education">In higher education</h2></div>

<p>The impact of a rapidly changing society is reflected in the growing number of adults engaged in a formal part-time course of study at an institution of higher education.

</p><p>Studies have shown that during the last few decades, there has been a shift from postsecondary degree seekers, from traditional student to a more diverse population who normally work part-time, full-time and/or have family commitments. This phenomenon has created a larger bank of adult learners who attend colleges and who face a myriad of challenges committing to their education.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Adult students are frequently referred to as nontraditional students in higher education. Adult students are contrasted with traditional students, who are typically under 25, attend full-time, do not work full-time when enrolled in courses, and have few, if any, family responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, 36 percent of postsecondary students were age 25 or older and 47 percent were independent students.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_characteristics">Special characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Adult learners are considered “in a state of transition”, trying to improve themselves by achieving a higher level of education in order to move up in the professional environment.  Their expectations are greater than those of a traditional student, because they have a better idea of what they want and what they expect from their education.  However, they also have higher levels of anxiety and pressure to fulfill the required expectations in a shorter amount of time, while navigating other responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Adult learners typically have more life experiences. When confronted with new knowledge or an experience, adult learners construe new meaning based on their greater life experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_challenges_faced_by_adult_learners">Potential challenges faced by adult learners</h2></div>

<p>There are many challenges faced by adult learners such as family commitments, work, financial barriers, lack of time, support, and a clear understanding of how to balance it all, especially if they still would like to have some kind of social life.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another big challenge is the ever changing technological world in which we now live. For an adult learner who is past their 40s, they grew up in a world where our dependency in technology was nonexistent. Distant learning was something that was not available, but it is now one of the main sources of adult education.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2002/analyses/nontraditional/sa01.asp">Special Analysis 2002 – Nontraditional Undergraduates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416180603/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2002/analyses/nontraditional/sa01.asp">Archived</a> April 16, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sreb.org/general-information/who-adult-learner">"Who is the Adult Learner?"</a>. Southern Regional Education Board. 10 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOsamBergmanCumberland2017" class="citation journal cs1">Osam, E. Kobena; Bergman, Matt; Cumberland, Denise M. (2017-05-01). "An Integrative Literature Review on the Barriers Impacting Adult Learners' Return to College". <i>Adult Learning</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>60. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1045159516658013">10.1177/1045159516658013</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-1595">1045-1595</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148259081">148259081</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPascarellaTerenzini1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pascarella, Ernest T.; Terenzini, Patrick T (Winter 1998). "Studying College Students in the 21st Century: Meeting New Challenges". <i>The Review of Higher Education</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 151. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frhe.1998.a30045">10.1353/rhe.1998.a30045</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142073525">142073525</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510075237/http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications/files/Nontraditional-Students-Facts-2011.pdf">"Yesterday's Nontraditional Student is Today's Traditional Student"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for Law and Social Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications/files/Nontraditional-Students-Facts-2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConrad1993" class="citation journal cs1">Conrad, Judy (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED363932.pdf#page=87">"Educating Part-Time Adult Learners in Transition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Striving for Excellence: The National Education Goals</i>. <b>II</b>: <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86 – via ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Merriam-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Sharan_Merriam" title="Sharan Merriam">Merriam, S. B.</a>, & Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2007). <i>Learning in adulthood</i> (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/career-change/the-challenges-of-being-an-adult-learner-and-how-to-overcome-them/">"The Challenges Of Being An Adult Learner And How To Overcome Them"</a>. <i>careerfoundry.com</i>. 26 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elearningindustry.com/5-technology-challenges-faced-adult-learners">"5 Technology Challenges Faced By Adult Learners"</a>. <i>eLearning Industry</i>. 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Brookfield, S. D. (1991). Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Principles and Effective Practices. 2nd edition. Jossey-Bass.</li>

<li>Crimaldi, Laura, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonherald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1142946">"Older residents follow Pathway to college"</a>, <a href="Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a>, Sunday, January 4, 2009. About students successes in the College Pathways program at ABCD Learning Works in <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts.</li>

<li>Galbraith, M. W. (2004). Adult learning methods: a guide for effective instruction. 3rd edition. Krieger Publishing.</li>

<li>Rogers, Alan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4r3Om29TO-kC&pg=PP1&dq=Non-Formal+Education">Non-formal Education: Flexible Schooling or Participatory Education?</a>, Springer, 2005. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-387-24636-3</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-advisor/indepth/adult-learners-and-new-traditions-in-higher-education.php">Adult Learners and New Traditions in Higher Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090615/http://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-advisor/indepth/adult-learners-and-new-traditions-in-higher-education.php">Archived</a> 2008-12-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>— WorldWideLearn.com</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nces.ed.gov">National Center for Education Statistics</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">BBC Bitesize</a> with websites including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/skillswise">Skillswise</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207010245/http://www.bbc.co.uk/raw/">raw</a></li></ul>

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